Handbook

This unit discusses the core principles on how drugs interact with the human body with the focus on concepts, mechanisms, and applications of drugs in pharmacology. Begins with the fundamental understanding of drug interaction, especially how drugs exert their effects at cellular levels, explores the mechanisms behind drug-targets interactions, signalling pathways, and modulation of physiological processes. Followed by the pharmacokinetics process of drugs covering the adverse drug effects and concepts of pharmacogenomics in tailored pharmacology therapy. The unit then embarks on drug classification and their actions in different organ systems providing a comprehensive overview on application of drugs in therapeutic applications. Finally, the unit examines ethical principles and explores the innovations with the future prospects of pharmacology research, development and application.